High polymer latices and methods and means for producing same

ABSTRACT

The preparation of aqueous latices from solvent dispersions of elastomers and other high-polymer compositions has presented problems including excessive viscosity during processing and foaming and coagulation, which have produced losses and increased costs. Herein combinations of steps are disclosed which reduce or eliminate various of these problems, especially coagulum; enable the preparation of latices of high-solids content; enable preparation of high-solids content latices of grafted or fillerextended or filler-reinforced elastomers; enable preparation of high-solids latices of low molecular weight polymer which are then modified to materially increase the molecular weight of the polymer; and enable the preparation of improved stable latices both dilute and of high-solids content, which are useful for example for adhesive and film-forming purposes. The process in common with that of related copending applications is characterized, inter alia, by the establishment of a flow of steam as a continuous phase into which an emulsion of a cement of the polymer is dispersed as an aerosol of latex droplets in a solvent-vapor continuum, followed by coalescence of the latex droplets and separation of the resulting coalesced liquid phase from the resulting solvent-vapor phase. In one embodiment of the present method an unstable emulsion is prepared employing only a limited quantity of emulsifier, so that the homogenizing thereof produces an emulsion the dispersed phase of which is only temporarily of precursor latex particle size. This unstable emulsion is converted to a stable latex by provisions for dispersing the same as the aerosol before coalescence of over 5 percent of the dispersed polymer phase of the emulsion into droplets of greater than precursor latex particle size, (or for stabilizing the same by the addition of a secondary emulsifier to the same before such condition is reached without further reducing the size of the cement droplets of the dispersed phase) so that the latex in the aerosol and separated therefrom is kept free of coagulum during the coalescing of the latex droplets and the separation and further treatment, e.g., stripping and concentrating, with or without correlated further additions or emulsifier to stabilize the latex for storage or use. The separation of the gaseous and liquid latex phases is preferably effected with the aid of partially concentrated liquid latex; and in certain embodiments herein disclosed a mixture of such partially concentrated latex commingled with water vapor generated therefrom is added to and commingled with the aerosol before or after at least a part of the aerosol has been coalesced, and the combined liquid phases and combined gas phases of the resulting mixture are thereafter separated. Also in certain embodiments of the invention a liquid flow of secondary emulsifier may be added to the uncoalesced or partially coalesced aerosol, or to the mixture thereof with the partially concentrated latex, prior to the separation of the gaseous and liquid phases thereof.

ilnited States Patent Burke, Jr.

4$1 Feb. 22, 1972 [54] HIGH POLYMER LATICES AND METHODS AND MEANS FOR PRODUCING SAME [72] Inventor: Oliver W. Burke, Jr., 506 Intracoastal Drive, Fort Lauderdale, Fla. 33304 [22] Filed: Dec. 18, 1968 [21] Appl. No.: 784,596

Related US. Application Data [63] Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 621,997, Mar. 7, 1967, Pat. No. 3,503,917, Continuation-impart of Ser. No. 691,823, Dec. 19, 1967, abandoned, Continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 767,790, Oct. 15, 1968.

[52] US. Cl. ..260/29.7 EM, 260/29.6 RB, 260/29.6 PM, 260/29.7 B, 260/29.7 P, 260/29.7 N [51] Int. Cl ..C08f 3/16, C08f47/18 [58] Field of Search ..260/29.6 0L, 29.7 B, 29.6 RB, 260/29.6 RM, 29.7 B, 29.7 P, 29.7 N

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 2,403,966 7/1946 Brown et al. ..260/29.7 B X 2,959,561 11/1960 Kelley ..260/29.7 B X 3,007,852 11/1961 Hunter et al.. .....260/29.7 B X 3,277,037 10/1966 l-lalper et al. ..260/29.6 0L X 3,287,301 11/1966 Fysh et al..... ..260/29.6 OL X 3,294,719 12/1966 Halper et al. ..260/29.6 0L X 3,310,515 3/1967 l-ialper et al. ..260/29.6 0L X FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS 951,166 3/1964 Great Britain ..260/29.7 B

Primary ExaminerPhilip E. Anderson Att0mey-Ha1l& Houghton [57] ABSTRACT The preparation of aqueous latices from solvent dispersions of elastomers and other high-polymer compositions has presented problems including excessive viscosity during processing and foaming and coagulation, which have produced losses and increased costs. Herein combinations of steps are disclosed which reduce or eliminate various of these problems, especially coagulum; enable the preparation of latices of high-solids content; enable preparation of highsolids content latices of grafted or filler-extended or fillerreinforced elastomers; enable preparation of high-solids latices of low molecular weight polymer which are then modified to materially increase the molecular weight of the polymer; and enable the preparation of improved stable latices both dilute and of high-solids content, which are useful for example for adhesive and film-forming purposes. The process in common with that of related copending applications is characterized, inter alia, by the establishment of a flow of steam as a continuous phase into which an emulsion of a cement of the polymer is dispersed as an aerosol of latex droplets in a solvent-vapor continuum, followed by coalescence of the latex droplets and separation of the resulting coalesced liquid phase from the resulting solvent-vapor phase. In one embodiment of the present method an unstable emulsion is prepared employing only a limited quantity of emulsifier, so that the homogenizing thereof produces an emulsion the dispersed phase of which is only temporarily of precursor latex particle size. This unstable emulsion is converted to a stable latex by provisions for dispersing the same as the aerosol before coalescence of over 5 percent of the dispersed polymer phase of the emulsion into droplets of greater than precursor latex particle size, (or for stabilizing the same by the addition of a secondary emulsifier to the same before such condition is reached without further reducing the size of the cement droplets of the dispersed phase) so that the latex in the aerosol and separated therefrom is kept free of coagulum during the coalescing of the latex droplets and the separation and further I treatment, e.g., stripping and concentrating, with or without correlated further additions or emulsifier to stabilize the latex for storage or use.

The separation of the gaseous and liquid latex phases is preferably effected with the aid of partially concentrated liquid latex; and in certain embodiments herein disclosed a mixture of such partially concentrated latex commingled with water vapor generated therefrom is added to and commingled with the aerosol before or after at least a part of the aerosol has been coalesced, and the combined liquid phases and combined gas phases of the resulting mixture are thereafter separated. Also in certain embodiments of the invention a liquid flow of secondary emulsifier may be added to the uncoalesced or partially coalesced aerosol, or to the mixture thereof with the partially concentrated latex, prior to the separation of the gaseous and liquid phases thereof.

34 Claims, 16 Drawing Figures Feb. 22, 1972 United States Patent Burke, Jr.

mom?- PATENTEUFEBZZ I972 SHEET 1 OF 7 INVENTOR Out 1 MABQIRKE/A.

ATTORNEY PMENTEDFEB 22 I972 SHEET 2 OF 7 INVENTOR ATTORNEY I PAIimmrzazz I972 SHEET 0F 7 EMULS/HEK I N VENTOR ouvse m aux/v5, JR.

ATTORNEY PATENTEUrEaze I972 sum 7 or 7 ATTORNEY HIGH POLYMER LATICES AND METHODS AND MEANS FOR PRODUCING SAME CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is an improvement over and continuationin-part of my applications Ser. No. 621,997, filed Mar. 7, 1967, now US. Pat. No. 3,503,917, and Ser. No. 691,823, filed Dec. 19, 1967, and now abandoned, and Ser. No. 767,790, filed Oct. 15, 1968, the disclosures of which are herein incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field ofthe Invention This invention relates to the production of high solids content aqueous latices with reduced polymer losses from solvent dispersions of high polymer compositions, and aims generally to provide improved method and apparatus combinations therefor, and new products produced thereby.

2. Description of the Prior Art To date, in the practical art, synthetic latices of high polymers have been primarily prepared by emulsion polymerization, and such practice has not been applicable to high polymers made by essentially anhydrous catalyst polymerizations. It has been proposed to prepare aqueous latices of high polymers from solvent solutions thereof by processes of the type which comprise the general steps of 1) providing a dispersion or cement of the polymer in a volatile organic solvent for the polymer, (2) adding to such dispersion water and an aqueous emulsifier therefor and emulsifying the same to produce an emulsion, (3) stripping the volatile organic solvent from the said emulsion, and (4) recovering the resulting latex product. However, in the practical art difficulty has been experienced in attempting to render such proposed processes commercially feasible, inter alia, in that l aqueous emulsification and stripping of solvent dispersions or cements of the high polymer materials, especially when dilute, have yielded latices of only medium solids content at high viscosity which render them commercially impractical; (2) in that the emulsions have tended to foam excessively during stripping; and (3) in that the emulsions have tended to form coagulum by coalescence of the polymer phase as well as by drying out especially on contact with heated surfaces, during the stripping and/or concentrating processes.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION When the molecular weight ofa polymer is high, in order to form cements without excessive viscosity, which prevents emulsification of the cement, it is necessary to prepare the eements with low polymer and high solvent content. When these dilute cements are emulsified and then stripped of their high solvent content, the resulting latex contains an excess of emulsifier and its latex particles are very small. The excess of emulsifier is undesirable in many uses, e.g., in the use of the latex for producing latex foam. And when the average particle size of the latex is low, e.g., about 500 A., then the viscosity of the latex rises rapidly with increase in solids content reaching 3,000 centipoises at 40 percent solids or less. It is usually the desire of the industrial users of polymer latex that the polymer be of high molecular weight, that the solids content be high, i.e., in the range of 50-70 percent that the viscosity of the latex be low (e.g., not more than 5,000 centipoise for adhesives, and as low at L000 centipoise for the production of latex foam products), and that the content of emulsifier be low. In various embodiments of the present invention, singly and in cooperating combinations, provisions are made for attaining certain of the above desiderata, particularly: (1) by providing a method in which the precursor latex particle size of the cement in water emulsions is controlled so as to obtain by an aerosol route latex of such particle size (e.g., in the range of 2,000 to 10,000 A., preferably 3,000 to 5,000 A.) that they can be concentrated to have a solids content of over 50 percent, preferably over 60 percent, dry solids basis by weight, with a viscosity of not over 5,000 cps. at the 50 percent solids level, and preferably not over that figure at the 60 percent solids level; (2) by providing such control by employing the precursor latex particle size of an unstable cement-inwater emulsion, which emulsion is converted to latex by the aerosol route without allowing it to coalesce to a point at which more than 5 percent of the dispersed phase is in particles of greater than precursor latex particle size, and producing stabilization of the resulting latex either before, during or subsequent to the aerosol conversion and latex concentrating process.

In a first embodiment of the invention, a latex is prepared from an organic solvent dispersion ofa composition of organic solvent soluble or dispersible polymer, the latex particles of which are of such size that the latex when at a concentration of 50 percent solids, dry basis by weight, has a viscosity no greater than 5,000 cps., and the latex contains and is stabilized by an amount of emulsifier material in the range of 4 to 12 parts per parts of the dispersed phase, by weight. In this embodiment the method comprises:

a. providing a moving flow of gas comprising steam as an initial continuous phase,

b. providing a cement consisting of a dispersion of the polymer composition in essentially water-immiscible volatile organic solvent which itself or as an azeotrope with water has a boiling point lower than that of water at atmospheric pressure,

c. emulsifying together said cement and water in the proportions of0.5 to 2.5 volumes of water per volume of cement with not less than one-fourth and not more than threefourths of the said amount of emulsifier material based on the dry solids content of said cement, by weight, to form an unstable emulsion oftemporarily precursor latex particle size,

d. then, before coalescence of more than 5 percent of the dispersed phase of said emulsion into greater than precursor latex particle size, dispersing the unstable emulsion of temporarily precursor latex particle size into the flow of steam as the initial continuous phase and subjecting the phases to a decrease of pressure while maintaining the temperature thereof below the limiting temperature for maintaining the temporary stability of the emulsion, thereby vaporizing solvent from the dispersed droplets and forming an aerosol of latex in vapor,

e. dispersing further emulsifier into said aerosol, to the extent of at least one-fourth said amount of emulsifier material based on the dry solids content of said cement, to stabilize the aerosol dispersed latex, and

f. separating the stabilized latex from the vapor phase of the aerosol.

In this embodiment following step (f) the latex may be con centrated to a solids content, dry basis, of over 50 percent, by weight, preferably over 60 percent by weight, with a viscosity of not over 5,000 cps.

In a second embodiment of the invention, a latex is prepared from an organic solvent dispersion of a composition of organic solvent soluble or dispersible polymer, the latex particles of which are of such size that the latex when at a concentration of 50 percent solids, dry basis by weight, has a viscosity no greater than 5,000 cps., and the latex contains and is stabilized by an amount of emulsifier material in the range of 4 to 12 parts per 100 parts of the dispersed phase, by weight. In this embodiment the method comprising:

a. providing a moving flow of gas comprising steam as an initial continuous phase,

b. providing a cement consisting of a dispersion of the polymer composition in essentially water-immiscible volatile organic solvent which itself or an an azeotrope with water has a boiling point lower than that of water at atmospheric pressure,

. emulsifying together said cement and water in the proportions of 0.5 to 2.5 volumes of water per volume of cement with not less than one-fourth and not more than threefourths of the said amount of emulsifier material based on the dry solids content of said cement, by weight, to form an unstable emulsion of temporarily precursor latex particle size,

. then, before coalescence of more than 5 percent of the dispersed phase ofsaid emulsion into greater than precursor latex particle size, dispersing the unstable emulsion of temporarily precursor latex particle size into the flow of steam as the initial continuous phase and subjecting the phases to a decrease of pressure while maintaining the temperature thereof below the limiting temperature for maintaining the temporary stability of the emulsion, thereby vaporizing solvent from the dispersed droplets and forming an aerosol oflatex in vapor,

e. separating the latex droplets from the vapor phase of the aerosol,

. concentrating the latex to a solids content, dry bases, of

over 50 percent, by weight, and

. dispersing further emulsifier into said latex, to the extent of at least one-fourth of said amount of emulsifier, after the dispersion of the emulsion in step (d) and before the concentration of the latex beyond 45 percent solids, dry basis, in step (f).

ln variations of this embodiment, the emulsifier material may comprise at least two emulsifiers, one having an aromatic nucleus and the other having an aliphatic nucleus, and in a preferred species of this embodiment a combination is employed in which the solvent is an aromatic solvent, the polymer is an aliphatic polymer, the emulsifier material employed in step (b) consists essentially of emulsifier having an aromatic nucleus, and the emulsifier employed in step (e) consists essentially of emulsifier having an aliphatic nucleus.

Also in one species of this embodiment step (g) is practiced prior to step (e), and in another species step (g) is practiced after step (e).

in a third embodiment of the invention, a latex is prepared from an organic solvent dispersion of a composition of an organic solvent soluble or dispersible polymer, the latex parti cles of which are of such size that the latex when at a concentration of 50 percent solids, dry basis by weight, has a viscosity no greater than 5,000 cps., and the latex contains and is stabilized by an amount of emulsifier material in the range of 4 to 12 parts per 100 parts of the dispersed phase, by weight. in

this embodiment the method comprises:

a, providing a moving flow of gas comprising steam as an initial continuous phase,

. providing a cement consisting of a dispersion of the polymer composition in essentially water-immiscible volatile organic solvent which itself or as an azeotrope with water has a boiling point lower than that of water at atmospheric pressure,

. emulsifying together said cement and water in the proportions of 0.5 to 2.5 volumes of water per volume of cement with not less than one-fourth and not more than threefourths ofthe said amount of emulsifier material based on the dry solids content of said cement, by weight, to form an unstable emulsion of temporarily precursor latex particle size,

d. mixing into said unstable emulsion, before coalescence of more than 5 percent of the dispersed phase of said emulsion into greater than precursor latex particle size, further emulsifier material to the extent of at least one-fourth of said amount of emulsifier material while maintaining essentially unchanged the particle size of the dispersed phase,

e. dispersing the mixture formed in step (d) into the flow of steam as the initial continuous phase and subjecting the phases to a decrease of pressure while maintaining the temperature thereof below the limiting temperature for stability of the emulsion, thereby vaporizing solvent from the dispersed droplets and forming an aerosol of latex in vapor. and

'. separating the latex from the vapor phase of the aerosol.

In a fourth embodiment of the invention a latex is prepared the dispersed phase of which is a composition of an organic solvent soluble or dispersible polymer, the latex particles of which are of such size that the latex, when at a concentration of 50 percent solids, dry basis by weight, has a viscosity no greater than 5,000 cps., and the latex containing sufficient emulsifier material to stabilize the same. in this embodiment the method comprises:

a. providing a moving flow ofgas comprising steam as an initial continuous phase,

providing a cement consisting of a dispersion of the polymer composition in essentially water-immiscible volatile organic solvent which itself or as an azeotrope with water has a boiling point lower than that of water at atmospheric pressure,

. forming an unstable emulsion of temporarily precursor latex particle size in two emulsifying steps, in the first of which said cement and water are emulsified with suffcient emulsifier to form an unstable crude emulsion, in which more than 5 percent of the dispersed phase droplets are of greater than precursor latex particle size, and in the second of which said unstable crude emulsion is reduced to an unstable fine emulsion essentially oftemporarily precursor latex particle size having no more than 5 percent ofits dispersed phase of greater than precursor latex particle size,

. delivering said unstable fine emulsion, as soon as it is formed in said second emulsifying step, directly into said flow of steam as the initial continuous phase and dispersing the same therein and subjecting the phases to a decrease of pressure while maintaining the temperature thereof below the limiting temperature for maintaining the temporary stability of the emulsion, thereby vaporizing solvent from the dispersed droplets and forming an aerosol oflatex in vapor,

e. separating the latex droplets from the vapor phase of the aerosol, and

. concentrating the latex to a solids content dry basis, of

over 50 percent by weight.

In variation of this embodiment the emulsifier employed in step (c) is proportioned so that while only sufficient to yield a temporarily stable emulsion of the cement, it is sufficient to produce a stable latex of the polymer after removal of the solvent from the dispersed cement phase; or the proportion of emulsifier employed in step (c) is sufficient to produce only a temporarily stable latex of the polymer after removal of solvent from the dispersed cement phase,-and before coalescence of more than 5 percent of the dispersed phase of the latex into particles of greater than latex particle size, sufficient additional emulsifier material is dispersed into the latex to stabilize the latex, this step in certain embodiments being practiced after the dispersion of the emulsion in step (d) and before the concentration of the latex beyond 45 percent solids, dry basis, in step (f), and in other embodiments being practiced by dispersing the additional emulsifier material into the aerosol prepared by step (d) and separating the same from the vapor phase thereof with the latex droplets in step (e),

In its apparatus aspect the invention provides apparatus for removing solvent from an aqueous emulsion of a solvent dispersion of high polymer cement to form an essentially solvent-free, coagulum-free latex, the apparatus comprising, in combination, a conduit having a steam inlet, an emulsion inlet, and an aerosol outlet; means for delivering steam into said steam inlet; means comprising a homogenizer connected to said emulsion inlet to deliver homogenized emulsion thereto for dispersion in the steam flow therein to form an aerosol of latex droplets as a discontinuous phase in a solvent-vapor flow as a continuous phase; and means for withdrawing said phases from said conduit; the homogenizer preferably having its outlet connected directly to the emulsion inlet of the conduit; the homogenizer preferably being an ultrasonic liquid jet generator of the liquid whistle type; the emulsion inlet preferably terminating substantially coaxially in the conduit in spaced relation to the walls thereof, and most preferably in a nozzle arranged substantially coaxially in said conduit, which may be of a preferred streamlined form. In this first apparatus embodiment, the apparatus may further comprise coalescing means for coalescing the fine liquid droplets carried by the gas phase of the aerosol, said coalescing means having aerosol inlet means and liquid and vapor outlet means, the aerosol outlet of said conduit being connected to the aerosol inlet means of said coalescing means; and the vapor outlet means of said coalescing means being connected to the means for withdrawing said aerosol phases from said conduit, and the said coalescing means may comprise a tortuous path phase segregating means, or a centrifugal phase segregating means, or an axial impact phase segregating means.

According to a further embodiment of the invention, apparatus for removing solvent from an aqueous emulsion of a cement which essentially consists of a dispersion of high polymer in organic solvent, to form a latex, comprises, in com bination:

a. an aerosol generator having first and second inlets and an outlet,

b. means for passing a flow of gas comprising steam as an initial continuous phase into said first inlet, a source of aqueous emulsion of solvent cement the solvent of which itself or as an aqueous azeotrope has a boiling point lower than that of water, said source being connected to said second inlet to deliver the emulsion of cement to said generator for dispersion into the flow of gas therein, d. means for proportioning the flow of steam to said first inlet and the flow of cement emulsion to said second inlet to provide sufficient heat by condensation of steam in said flow to vaporize substantially all the solvent from the liquid phase into the gaseous phase of said flow while adding the condensate formed to said liquid phase,

a separator having an inlet for mixed gas and liquid, an

outlet for gas, and a separate liquid latex outlet,

. a latex concentrator having an inlet connected to said separate liquid latex outlet to receive a flow of latex therefrom, and having an outlet, and comprising means for vaporizing a part of the water content of said latex flow to convert it into a flow of water vapor mixed with more concentrated latex and for delivering the same to said concentrator outlet,

g. commingling means having an outlet and having inlet means and means for connecting its inlet means to the aerosol outlet and to said concentrator outlet for mixing the gas and liquid phases of said aerosol and the water vapor and latex phases of said flow and delivering the resulting mixture of gas and liquid bodies from its outlet,

. means connecting the outlet of said commingling means to the mixed gas and liquid inlet of said separator, and

'. means connected to the liquid outlet of said separator for withdrawing latex therefrom.

In a preferred species of this embodiment, the means for connecting the outlet of the aerosol generator to the inlet means of said commingling means comprises coalescing means for coalescing the fine liquid droplets carried by the gas phase of the aerosol, said coalescing means having aerosol inlet means and liquid and vapor outlet means, the outlet of said aerosol generator being connected to the aerosol inlet means of said coalescing means, and the liquid and vapor outlet means of said coalescing means being connected to an inlet of said commingling means. In further desirable species of these embodiments the means (h) comprises coalescing means for coalescing the liquid droplets or bodies carried by said flow and the liquid phase from said aerosol, said coalescing means having an inlet means connected to the outlet of said commingling means, and having an outlet means connected to the gas and liquid inlet ofsaid separator.

Turning again to its process aspect, the invention provides a process for removing solutions from an aqueous emulsion ofa cement which is essentially an organic solvent dispersion of high polymer composition to form a latex, which process comprises, in combination, the steps of:

a. providing a moving flow of gas comprising steam as an initial continuous phase,

b. providing a cement consisting essentially of a dispersion of not more than 40 percent of the polymer composition in essentially not less than 60 percent of water-immiscible volatile organic solvent which itself, or as an azeotrope with water, has a boiling point lower than that of water,

forming from said cement and water and emulsifier material an emulsion of at least temporarily precursor latex particle size,

d. dispersing a flow of said emulsion as a discontinuous phase into said flow of steam as an initial continuous phase, in such proportion that sufficient heat is provided by condensation ofsteam in said flow to vaporize substantially all the solvent from the liquid phase into the gaseous phase of said flow, to form an aerosol while adding the condensate formed to the discontinuous phase of said aerosol,

e. withdrawing a flow ofsaid aerosol,

f. subjecting the withdrawn flow of said aerosol to a separation of its discontinuous liquid phase from its continuous gaseous phase to form a latex,

g. withdrawing a flow of said latex and subjecting said withdrawn flow of latex to vaporization of a part of its Water content to convert said flow into a flow of water vapor mixed with bodies of more concentrated latex,

h. commingling the flow produced by stem (g) with the flow withdrawn by step (e) and i. subjecting the commingled flow produced by step (h) to step (f) for effecting separation of the liquid phase of said water vapor and latex flow from the vapor phase thereof simultaneously with the practice ofstep (f), and

j. withdrawing a part of the latex formed by said step (f). And in particular species of this latter process, the combination of steps further comprises subjecting the flow of aerosol withdrawn in step (e) to coalescing stresses to coalesce fine liquid droplets carried by the gaseous phase of the aerosol before subjecting said flow to the commingling of step (h); and/or subjecting the commingled flows produced by step (h) to coalescing stresses to coalesce liquid droplets or bodies carried thereby into larger droplets or bodies before subjecting the same to step (f) in accordance with step (i).

In accomplishing the aforesaid objects, in respective embodiments of the present invention conditions are created combinations of which alleviate the aforesaid problems and render practical the production of desirable aqueous latices from solvent dispersions of polymer compositions. These conditions, inter alia, include, severally and in various cooperating combinations in the several species of the invention, respectively:

I. The use of particular solvents for the polymers which are essentially immiscible with water in liquid phase, and which have boiling points less than the boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure, or which form azeotropes with water which have boiling points less than the boiling point of water at atmospheric pressure, and preferably solvents which have boiling points higher than that of water but which form azeotropes with water that have boiling points lower than that of water, which preferred group comprises especially the aromatic solvents including toluene, the xylenes, ethyl benzene, cumene, etc.

2. The employment of ultradispersing equipment, in certain embodiments together with a homogenizer, e.g., a homogenizer which forces the aqueous emulsion at a high pressure of 1,000 to 10,000 p.s.i. through a constriction, or a homogenizer which forms an emulsion at an intermediate pressure of about 200 to 400 p.s.i. over the vibrating blade of the ultrasonic emulsator type, or a homogenizer of the high shear colloidal mill type, to reduce the polymer cement material in the presence of the aqueous phase with a limited quantity of emulsifier to the form of an unstable emulsion having its dispersed phase temporarily of precursor latex particle size preferably of sizes producing a latex of relatively narrow particle size distribution, and preferably one of an average size in the upper part of the colloidal size range. The said conditions thus enable a primary quantity of emulsifier to be employed to form the unstable latex of the desired particle size, which is larger than the particle size obtainable when the emulsification and/or homogenization is conducted in the presence ofa stabilizing quantity ofemulsifier material.

. The removal of solvent from tiny droplets of the so formed unstable oil-in-water emulsion by introducing the same, as a discontinuous phase, without allowing it to coalesce to a point at which more than percent of the dispersed phase is in droplets of greater than precursor latex particle size, into a flow of gas comprising essentially steam as an initial continuous phase, and subjecting the two phases together to a decrease of pressure while maintaining the temperature of both phases within the limited range for stability of the aerosol carried latex phase. Solvent is thus vaporized from the precursor latex sized particles while maintaining their stability, so that substantially all the solvent is vaporized into the gaseous continuous phase which thus becomes a gaseous stream carrying aqueous droplets having one or more latex size polymer particles per droplet, the preferred droplet size range being that of an aerosol of which the dispersed phase may comprise colloidal and larger sized droplets in a steam/solvent vapor continuum. For the purpose of this step the avoidance of coalescence above referred to may be accomplished by dispersing the unstable emulsion into the flow of steam to form the aerosol immediately after the homogenization, and preferably directly therefrom, so that insufficient time elapses for such coalescence to occur. Alternatively, a stabilizing quantity of emulsifier, i.c., a secondary quantity, may be mixed into the unstable emulsion without subjecting the same to conditions which would further reduce the droplet size of the dispersed phase. to improve its stability and render it unnecessary to convert it to the aerosol so quickly. The removal ofthe solvent from the cement particles, together with the aqueous dilution of the resulting latex particles, in some instances produce latex particles which are sufficiently stable for separation from the gaseous phase and at least partial concentration, i.e., to not over 45 percent solids content, dry basis. When such condition does not pertain, in accordance with this invention further emulsifier may be added to the dispersed phase of the aerosol by introducing liquid emulsifier or aqueous emulsifier solution into the aerosol as soon as it is formed, and before it is subjected to coalescing and separating ofthe liquid phase. In either event, it is preferred to add further emulsifier to the latex, preferably before concentration thereof has proceeded beyond 45 percent solids content, dry basis. If desired further emulsifier may be added to finally stabilize the high solids latex after the concentration thereof has been completed.

. The separation of the resulting droplets oflatex from the gaseous continuous phase by coalescing and collecting the same while avoiding deleterious agglomeration and foaming may be practiced in several ways which are quite distinct. One of these procedures employs centrifugal force, which may be a number of times the force ofgravity, to aid the coalescence or segregation of the latex without foaming. A particular embodiment of this species subjects both the latex phase and the gaseous phase to centrifugal force under controlled pressure conditions, as in a centrifugal pump delivering from a region of higher pressure to a region of lower pressure. Another procedure passes the two phases turbulently or tortuously through means defining an elongated path to effect the coalescence or segregation into droplets or bodies large enough to be separated from the gaseous phase as hereinafter described. In other procedures such coalescences may be effected at least in part by adding, to the aerosol or partially coalesced aerosol, latex or partially concentrated latex and vapor derived therefrom in effecting such partial concentration, such addition being made either before or after partial coalescence of the liquid phase of the aerosol. The partially coalesced liquid phase from the aerosol and liquid of the added latex are then ready to be separated from the gaseous phase of the aerosol and the vapor, if any, introduced with the latex, to form a latex ready for further concentration. After the coalescence or segregation of the liquid phase in one of these manners, the resulting two phases are passed to a collecting means, preferably of the cyclone separator type, and the gaseous phase is then passed to a condensing system from which noncondensables are pumped by any suitable vacuum pumping means. Throughout the stripping, coalescing and collecting steps: (a) the temperature of the two phases is maintained within the limited temperature range for stability of the emulsion during the period of treatment, preferably by controlling the initial continuous phase in temperature essentially to not exceed such limiting temperature and in quantity to be sufficient to substantially effect the stripping of the solvent, and by controlling the temperature and quantity of the emulsion being dispersed therein; (b) the delivery of substantially all of the solvent to the gaseous continuous phase can essentially be effected in a single pass by appropriate design of the capacity of the apparatus, but may be achieved in part in a first pass through the stripping apparatus and be completed by an additional pass or passes of the partially stripped material through the same or different equipment, e.g., by a recycle while concentrating, and (c) the flow of gas comprising steam as the initial continuum preferably consists entirely of steam expended, when it first contacts the emulsion, to subatmospheric pressure and to a temperature not detrimental to the latter, where any substantial quantity of solvent is being stripped from the precursor latex sized particles, but, under conditions where it is desired to augment the volume or velocity of the initial continuum, being augmentable by including a minor proportion of noncondensible gas or of the solvent in the said flow of gas, for which purpose a minor proportion of the effluent gas phase from the separator, or of the azeotrope remaining in said gas phase after condensation of unazeotroped water vapor therefrom, may be recycled to constitute a part of the initial continuum, or in particular embodiments, by the introduction of only a part of the steam at the point at which the emulsion is injected, and augmenting the flow and solvent vaporation by the introduction of further steam downstream from the point of emulsion introduction.

. The latex delivered by the separator may be recycled and be again passed through the centrifugal segregator or the elongated path segregator either separately or after commingling with the aerosol or partially coalesced aerosol, and in such recycling the latex being recycled may be passed through a heat exchanger to convert it to a flow of latex bodies carried along by water vapor generated from the latex, thus to concentrate the latex by removing water therefrom, when a product of higher solids content is desired. When concentrating stripped latex one may cut off the supply of initial raw emulsion and the steam and supply the external heat to the latex through the walls defining the elongated path, e.g., a plate heat exchanger, to vaporize water from the latex with the aid of reduced pressure and may separate the water vapor and latex in the same vacuum separator. Where it is advantageous to remove solvent and concentrate the latex continuously then separate equipment units may be coupled together, one unit for stripping of the solvent from the raw polymer-solvent emulsion with or without latex recycling, and the other unit for concentrating of the stripped latex. The concentrated latex effluent as a discontinuous phase from the heat exchanger with the evolved water vapor which is at least a part of the continuous phase, may again be separated in the separator, the vapor phase passing to the condensing equipment, and any uncondensables again passing therefrom to the vacuum pumping equipment.

While for economy of equipment it is sometimes preferred to employ the same segregator, with adjustment of appurtenant equipment as above described, for effect ing both the stripping and the concentration, the capacity of the segregator may be adjusted to the load to be served, and when it is desired to concentrate the stripped latex without suspending the stripping operation of the equipment, one or more separate or merging elongated paths or the like may be provided for this purpose, which may terminate in'any desired separator equipment. The 0 The water recovered in the condensing equipment is distilled water saturated with the stripped solvent, and it is preferred to recycle this recovered water for use in preparing the unstable emulsion of the precursor latex sized particles of solvent solution of the high polymer composition.

. Various of the above conditions are common to embodiments of process disclosed in the aforesaid copending applications, and various additional features and combinations of features therein disclosed to be more particularly adapted to cooperate with various of the aforesaid features to effect modification of the physical and/or chemical characteristics of the latex produced and/or to facilitate the operations for producing the same, can be employed in conjunction with the present invention, which (a) enables one to control the precursor latex particle size of the emulsion supplied to be stripped of solvent to facilitate the processing operation and reduce polymer losses while providing a latex concentrated or concentratable to a high solids content, preferably 60 to 68 percent solids, dry basis, and/or to improve the separation of the gas and liquid phases of the aerosol by adding liquid latex to and commingling it with the aerosol as a part of the coalescing separation before subjecting the resulting mixture of gas and liquid phases to separation.

The objects of the invention, severally and interdependently, are to provide new apparatus features and new combinations of steps, which contribute to produce an improved process and which enable the production of new latices which may contain not only polymers and compounding ingredients such as fillers, but which in preferred embodiments may contuin such compounding ingredients, e.g., reinforcing fillers, within the high polymer latex particles. Other objects and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the above general description and the following more particular descriptions of preferred embodiments thereof, which, however, are illustrative but not restrictive of the invention, the scope of which is more particularly pointed out in the appended claims.

By the term latex" as used herein is meant an aqueous i. homopolymer, ii, interpolymer including block and graft polymer,

iii. hydrocarbon polymer, iv. polar polymer,

v. cross-linked polymer,

vi. noncross-linked polymer,

vii. polymer composition comprising polymer material selected from (i) through (vi) above and compounding ingredients including reinforcing tillers and/or nonreinforcing fillers.

By the term colloidal particle or colloid" as used herein is meant particles in the size range of 500 A. to 10,000 A.

diameter, and by the term upper portion of the colloidal size range is meant particles in the size range of above 2,000 A., preferably 3,000 to 5,000 A. diameter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING In the accompanying drawing:

FIG. 1 is a flow sheet or diagram illustrating the sequences of steps and flow of material in typical embodiments of process according to the invention.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a preferred form of equipment for preparing the emulsion, corresponding to portions 7-13 of FIG. I, the corresponding elements having the same numerals raised by 100, and respective parts thereof being designated by modifying letters.

FIG. 3 is a similar diagram of a preferred form of device for dispersing the emulsion of solvent/polymer cement into the steam flow, and segregating and separating the latex phase from the vapor phase, and further treating the latex phase, corresponding to portions 14 and following of FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a more or less diagrammatic elevation partly cut away ofa preferred embodiment of the portion 14 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is a more or less diagrammatic elevation, partly cut away, of a preferred form of separator corresponding to p0r tion16 of FIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a more or less diagrammatic horizontal cross section taken on line Vl--VI of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 is a more or less diagrammatic elevation partly cut away of a preferred arrangement comprising a solvent-cement aqueous emulsion homogenizer delivering its output directly to an aerosol generator, according to the invention.

FIGS. 8 to 11 are diagrammatic flow sheets indicating modes of admixing partially concentrated latex, with or without water vapor evolved therefrom, with the gaseous and liquid phase from the aerosol generator, for aiding in the segregation and separation thereof.

FIGS. 12 to 15 are vertical elevations partly cut away of types of mixer nozzles or in line mixers employable as aerosol generators and/or mixers in the practice of the invention, e.g., in FIGS. 8 to 11.

FIG. 16 is a more or less diagrammatic elevation of another embodiment of the invention.

DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS a. In General In the preferred embodiments illustrated in FIG. 1, the high polymer 1, e.g., elastomer and/or plastomer material as hereinafter described, is prepared as a high polymer composition 4 for conversion to a cement, as by working in appropriate masticating, comminuting, or attenuating equip ment 2, such as a rubber mill, Banbury, comminutor, extruder, or the like. In accordance with the aforesaid applications provision may be made for incorporating one or more known polymer compounding ingredients 3, e.g., rubber reinforcing filler, into the said polymer composition in such a way that the ingredients 3 are thereafter contained within the polymer particles of the latex being formed, for which purpose the said ingredient or ingredients 3 may be worked into the high polymer 1 by working therewith in the masticating equipment 2. By such procedure the said polymer ingredients may become fixed to the compounding ingredient, i.e., the polymer particles can become reinforced by the fillers, and in effect become so intimately attached thereto, or embrasive thereof, as to retain the same when dispersed as a cement. In the case of compounding ingredients desired to be incorporated in the latex particles, but not requiring working with the polymer itself, such ingredients 3 may be fed into the cement forming equipment or dissolver 5 independently of the said polymer composition 4, as is also indicated in FIG. 1.

In the cement forming equipment or mixer or dissolver 5 which may also comprise a disperser, the high polymer coinposition 4 is combined and preferably stirred or otherwise worked with solvent 6 appropriate for the high polymer and for the process, as further described herein, to form a solvent cement 7 of the high polymer composition 4 and of any extraneously added compounding ingredients 3, the adequate dispersion of which in the cement may require vigorous working, which may even by accomplished by the passage of the cement through a suitable dispersing equipment 7a.

The solvent/polymer cement 7 is then combined with emulsifier 8 appropriate for the high polymer and the process, and with water 9 in a course emulsion mixing equipment 10 where the ingredients are mixed, preferably with the aid of heat, to form a course cement in water emulsion 11, which is then passed one or more times through an ultradispersing equipment 12, preferably of the type hereinafter described, which breaks up the relatively large particules of solvent-cement forming the discontinuous phase in the course emulsion 11 into particles of precursor latex size, i.e., which will be of at least temporarily stable latex particle size when relieved of their solvent content, and preferably in the upper portion of the colloidal size range.

As in my aforesaid applications the course cement-in-water emulsion 11 may be passed one or more times, usually six to l2 times, through one or more so-called ultradispersers 12 of the Moulds type more fully described hereinafter, in order to accomplish a sufficient reduction of latex particle size. The resulting fine emulsions have rather wide ranges of cement droplet size distribution and adjusted if necessary to an appropriate temperature, as by the cooler 13A, bypass 13B and/or heater 13C, may be fed by suitable positive displacement, e.g., plunger, pump means 13D, to a homogenizer 13E, preferably of the vibrating blade type or of the resiliently restricted orifice type operating at pressures in the range of 1.000 to 10,000 psi, for reducing the particle size distribution of the fine emulsion. The resulting emulsion 13 of reduced particle size distribution with or without cooling by a cooler 13F is preferably delivered directly to a steam mixer or aerosol generator 14 where it is dispersed into a flow of steam as hereinafter described. As indicated in FIG. 1 the emulsifier material 8 may be formed into an aqueous emulsifier solution 8 with water 9 saturated with solvent or with water 9 from an extraneous source.

The resulting fine cement-in-water emulsion 13, in ac cordance with preferred embodiments of the present invention is an unstable emulsion of only temporarily precursor latex size particles, and in such preferred embodiments of the present invention is either stabilized as by adding further emulsifier at 8A1 before further treatment or, preferably, is immediately converted into an aerosol, of which the dispersed phase may comprise colloidal and larger sized droplets in a steam/solvent vapor continuum, before agglomeration of over 5 percent of its polymer-solvent particles into greater than precursor latex particle size, and is therein stripped of its solvent content. In such aerosol form the stripping is accomplished without excessive foaming and while avoiding formation of coagulum, desiderata which cannot be attained when any substantial proportion of solvent is attempted to be removed from an aqueous emulsion of high polymer solvent cement in other than an aerosol condition. As in the aforesaid applications, the formation of the aerosol is preferably accomplished by providing a flow of steam 14a as an initial continuous phase and introducing the oil-in-water emulsion of at least temporarily precursor latex sized particles 13 as a discontinuous phase into the flow of steam as the initial continuous phase in a mixer or aerosol generator 14, whereby volatile solvent 6 is vaporized to become the continuous phase or the principal part thereof, and a corresponding amount of steam is condensed to supply the heat of vaporization for the solvent and become added as water to the discontinuous phase. As explained in connection with FIGS. 3 and 4, in certain embodimerits of the present process a part only of the steam may be supplied at a first station where the emulsion of polymer/sob vent solution is introduced, and the remainder of the steam may be introduced at one or more stations downstream from said first station. As the phase transition is accomplished the resulting gaseous and nongaseous phases are usually in a form resembling an aerosol and the aerosol droplets are then coalesced to form a latex separable from the vapor phase. Even when the emulsion has been prepared with only a limited quantity of emulsifier and has its dispersed phase only temporarily of precursor latex particle size, the latex produced by the phase transition in the aerosol may be sufficiently stable for coalescence or even for concentration. When these conditions do not pertain liquid emulsifier or liquid emulsifier solution may be added to the aerosol produced in the aerosol generator 14, as at 8A2.

The coalescing step may be practiced by passing the gaseous and nongaseous phases through a coalescing means 15 in the form of a segregator or coalescer while maintaining the temperatures of the flows within the limited range for stability of the latex, and the coalesced droplets, now definitely of greater than aerosol size, are collected in the form of a bulk latex from the gaseous continuous phase. As is more fully described in connection with FIG. 3, in certain embodiments of the present invention, the coalescing is accomplished by subjecting the aerosol, on its way to a reduced pressure separator 16, to the action of centrifugal force for effecting segregation or coalescence of the nongaseous phase, as by passing the gas and latex phases of the aerosol through a centrifugal pump, and preferably a centrifugal pump having the type of pump rotor, pump chamber and inlet and outlet means illustrated in 11.5. Pat. No. 3,324,798. As is also more fully described in connection with FIG. 3, in lieu of the centrifugal segregator, other types may be employed, e.g., a plate-type tortuous path segregator or an axial impact phase segregator. The final separation or collection may be attained by delivering the flows from the segregator 15 into a separator or collector 16, from the lower part of which the latex is drawn, and from an upper part of which the continuous phase is passed to condensing equipment 17 maintained under vacuum, preferably a vacuum of the order of 28 to 29 inches ofmercury, by withdrawal of uncondensed gases therefrom by vacuum pumping equipment 18, e.g., a steam jet, and the separator of collector 16 may be of various forms and may even be incorporated with a segregator 15 as is described in said copending application Ser. No. 69l ,823.

Still referring to FIG. I, the high polymer composition latex 19 withdrawn from the separator 16 may be delivered as product 20, or may be recycled as indicated at 21 and be again fed as discontinuous phase through the steam disperser 14 and/or the segregator 15 for removal of residual solvent therefrom as above noted, either separately or concurrently with additional emulsion 13 as is indicated by the valve symbols between 13 and 14 and in the lines from 168 to 14 and from 168 to 16 in FIG. 1; or it may be cycled through a different or the same heater and separator 21 and 16 for concentrating the latex, in which event the latex is heated to evaporate water therefrom under subatmospheric pressure at temperatures within the limited temperature range for its stability, by heating fluid passing externally to its flow path in 21 from the valved heat sources shown connected to 15 and 21, while the supply of steam internally of the path from the valved source 14a is reduced or cut off as aforesaid. When such concentrating step has been employed, the product 20 resulting therefrom will be a latex ofincreased solids content.

The present invention, however, makes provisions which may be employed for modifying the latex 20. These provisions are illustrated at 24 and following in FIG. 1 herein. Thus, in these embodiments of the invention, the latex of intermediate solids content may be mixed in a hold tank, mixer, or proportionate feeder 24 with polymerization catalyst 24a and monomer material 24b, and after appropriate adjustment of its temperature. as by a heat exchanger means 25, may be passed to polymerization reactor means 27. The modified polymer latex delivered by the reactor with or without added emulsifier 8A4 may be delivered to storage 29, preferably through a cooler 28, pending delivery as by a pump 30 for further treatment in heating and separating apparatus 31 and 32, which may be of the type shown at 1220 and 1216F in FIG. 3, hereinafter described. In this further treatment residual solvent, odors, and unreacted monomer, if any, may be removed, and if desired the latex may be further concentrated. The modified latex from separator 32, which in each event will have, along with other modifications, a higher solids content than the latex 20, may be passed by a pump 34 to product storage 36, preferably through a cooler 35.

In certain embodiments of the invention, the operations up to point may be conducted to form the cement and latex 20 of low molecular weight polymer, which enables a cement of higher solids content to be employed without having to deal with excessively high viscosity, and monomer 24b and catalyst 24a, and temperature in the apparatus 27 may be employed in such quantities and degree as to materially augment the molecular weight of the polymer, and especially when it is desired to highly augment such molecular weight, polymer cross-linking agent 24c may be added in the mixer 24, for intimate association and reaction in the apparatus 27.

The final stripping, deodorizing, and/or concentrating in separator 32 is preferably effected as shown with the aid of condensing equipment 37 and vacuum pumping apparatus 38, and when such equipment produces a yield of recoverable fluid, e.g., pure water, such may be returned for reuse, e.g., to the water supply 9, as shown. Where prolonged shelf life is desired, additional emulsifier may be added to the latex from 8A5, preferably ahead ofthe pump 34.

In a still further embodiment of the invention, exemplified in FIG. 3, the stripped latex 324 still containing residual solvent, is subjected to concentration, deodorizing, and stripping of residual solvent in a heating apparatus 1220 and separator 1216, and is then, as a finished high solids latex, subjected to heating to an appropriate temperature at 1225, and further treatment with polymerization catalyst 1224a and monomer material 1224b and/or cross-linking agent 1224c for effecting grafting or cross-linking of the polymer molecules contained in the particles of the finished latex. When necessary after this treatment, the grafted or cross-linked latex may be stripped of residual volatiles and odor, as by passing it through a stripperdeodorizer-concentrator circuit, which may be the same circuit 1220-1216 isolated for this purpose as by opening valves l227a and 1229 and closing valves 1228 and 1231. Delivery of the treated latex to storage 1233 is preferably effected after cooling in a heat-exchanger 1232, by appropriate adjustment ofthe valves 1227a-l23l.

b. The Polymer Material 1 The new process is applicable to the preparation of latices from solvent solutions or dispersions of polymer materials which are essentially solvent soluble or dispersable and essentially water insoluble, including natural rubber and polymers of ethylenically unsaturated monomer material containing from two to 20 carbon atoms, preferably from two to l0 carbon atoms. It is especially applicable to those elastomers and plastomers which, with or without plasticizer, have the foregoing properties and properties adapting their latices for use as adhesives, binders, film forming materials, coating materials, etc. Examples of such elastomers and plastomers, illustrative but not restrictive of those to which the invention can be applied, are as follows: butyl rubber, chlorinated butyl rubber, polyisobutylene, polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polyethylene, polypropylene (including both amorphous and/or crystalline polypropylene), ethylene-propylene polymer, ethylenepropylene-diene terpolymer, ethylene-vinylidene monomer interpolymers (including ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers),

butadiene-ethylene copolymers, propylene-butene-l copolymers, butadiene-styrene copolymer, nitrile rubber (including butadiene-acrylonitrile and butadienemethacrylonitrile copolymers), natural rubber, hydrocarbon resins, any of the foregoing polymers grafted with polar or other polymer grafts, as for example, those set forth in British Pat. No. 878,150 to Burke, published Sept. 27, l96l, and solvent soluble mixed plastomers and elastomers, e.g., butadienestyrene-terpolymers with styrene copolymer resins including graft polymers thereof, as for example, those set forth in Hayes U.S. Pat. No. 2,802,808. Particularly included are those polymers which are prepared in essentially water immiscible organic liquid, or under essentially anhydrous conditions, from unsaturated monomers having two to 20 carbon atoms. 0. Compounding Ingredients 3, Sat, 123311 The compounding ingredients which are especially contemplated in the present invention are the solid, particulate, compounding ingredients which are insoluble in the solvents 6, namely: fillers, including rubber reinforcing fillers, pigments, etc., which by the present invention may be incorporated into the polymer composition particles of the latices, rather than merely in the water phases thereof. The solid particulate compounding ingredients of this class comprise those set forth on pages 278 to 345 of Compounding Ingredients for Rubber 3rd Edition (1961) published by Rubber World, New York, N. Y., herein incorporated by reference, and on pages l46 to 217 of British Compounding Ingredients for Rubber" by Brian J. Wilson (1958) published by W. I-Ieffer & Sons, Ltd., Cambridge, England, herein incorporated by reference. These ingredients thus include but are not limited to carbon black, talc, mica, lithopone, aluminum silicate, calcium silicate, silica, calcium carbonate, calcium sulfate, asbestos, organic pigments, inorganic pigments, and insoluble organic fillers including vinylic fillers and vinylic pigments. The insoluble or ganic fillers are described in British Pat. No. 799,043 to Burke published July 30, 1958 and in Chapter 15 entitled Reinforcement of Rubber by Organic Fillers" in the treatise Reinforcement of Elastomers edited by Gerard Kraus 1965) published by International Publishers, New York, N. Y., herein incorporated by reference.

d. The Emulsifiers 8, 8', 8A, etc.

The invention in its broader aspects is not dependent on the use of any particular emulsifier or combination of emulsifiers, and may be practiced with any selected emulsifier or emulsifier combination suitable for aqueously emulsifying and stabilizing the nonaqueous solvent solutions or dispersions of the polymer materials concerned, and/or for stabilizing the latices derived therefrom in the aerosol generator, or for subsequent treatment or conditioning, for which purpose the emulsifiers or combination of emulsifiers must be water soluble or water dispersible. Emulsifiers capable of forming stable aqueous emulsions with polymers may be selected from the following subgroups:

a. One or more anionic emulsifiers.

b. One or more cationic emulsifiers.

c. One or more nonionic emulsifiers.

d. Combinations of anionic and nonionic emulsifiers.

e. Combinations of cationic and nonionic emulsifiers.

The anionic, cationic and nonionic emulsifiers which are water soluble usually contain from eight to 22 carbon atoms, when nonpolymeric, but such limitation does not apply to those which are polymeric, where water solubility or dispersability is the criterion. The polymeric emulsifiers are best employed in conjunction with nonpolymeric emulsifiers.

Emulsifiers of the anionic, cationic, and nonionic types including in some instances those in polymeric forms are set forth in Detergents and Emulsifiers 1967 Annual by John W. McCutcheon, published by John W. McCutcheon, Inc., Morristown, N. J., and especially those listed therein under the headings of emulsifiers suitable for emulsion polymerization or suitable for the emulsification of polymer material, or suitable for the emulsification of hydrocarbons including hydrocarbon waxes, may be used in practicing the present invcntion. The use of about l-20 percent by weight of emulsifier material based on the polymer composition content of the l. Cocoamine Armeen C polymer'solvent cement in practically all instances suffices 2. Sleflryiuminc Armeen r and in most instances to 6 or less percent by weight of emul- Dwmee c ,f. b d 0] it. t t f th t 5 (alkyl groups derived from Duomeen T si icr ase on p ymer compos ion con en o e cemen is cocoanutsoymammo, sufficient, because the present process minimizes the amount fatty acids) of emulsifier required. 4. Primary fatty amine ethylene Priminox T-25 The anionic emulsifiers include but are not limited to emulggfi a gz gg t r u 2 as stfiers which are alitali metal salts of fatty ac ds, partially polyoxyelhymted alkylumine Kuwpol W430 hydrogenated fatty acids, rosin acids, disproportionated rosin at Ethylene oxide condensates Ethomeens acids, alkyl sulfates, aryl and alkaryl sulfonates, and water b g' g 7 7. t A c lsoluble and dispersable emulsifiers having the general formus )Cocmmme I la: wherein R is an aliphatic, y al- 8. biS(Z-hydmxyethyl)tallowamine Armox T/IZ karyl or cyclic radical, n is l to 9, and X is a monovalent alkali oxide metal or ammonium radical 9.Ami(i:1e and qulitern tliitglammonikiiirpl RediZotZ Serit-s I c a onipoun SSLH ll 5 as flSp 11 EYE B [C0 8 Typical anionic emulsifiers are set forth in Table A emulsifiers E4 B57 E-l 2, and 154's. TABLE A 10. c H mcit iic nHu (CHUJCI Redicote E-ll llt di-isobut l henoxy ethoxy Hyamine 1622 Y P ethyl dimcthyl ammonium chloride Typical Anionic Emulsifiel's l2. N-alkyl trimethylammonium Arquads chloride (alkyl coco or steryl Acid or radical) s-iiit Acid Radical Trade Name polyvinylpyrmlidone PVP L Potassium hydruabietic and Dresinate 731 dchydroabietic Nonionic emulsifiers can be selected from the class of emulpmssum dspmpmmmmd lndusm' sifiers which are alkyl polyoxyethylene ethers and alcohols, or

tall oil rosin 1 th I th d l h 1 0th l .f. l sudmm hydmgcnamd Amman HT p0 ye y ene e ers an a co 0 5. er nonionic emu si iers lullnw niu acids include those which are polyoxyalkenated alkyl phenols or al- Sudwm lfluryl Sulfulc P U8 cohols having the formula R(OCHR,CHR,),,OH where R is an Dupanol WAQ l r l is a re r 5. Sodium tallow sulfate Conco SulfateT alkyl 0, alkdry group R n g up or ogen (L Ammmium mononnpmhmenc LommPwA and )1 IS an integer of 4 to 10 or even higher. Compounds of sulfonic acid this type are prepared by condensing an alkyl phenol or an aldmecy'bemen" Summer cohol with ethylene oxide or propylene oxide. Typical sul ate 8 Sodium pmymerizcd alkyl Duxud l5 nonionic emulsifiers are set forth in Table C.

naphthalene Daxad 23 sulfonic acid TABLE C 9. Sodium alkyl aryl Nacconol 90F sulfonate Suframin OBS 40 it). Sodium alkylnaphthalene Nekal BA-75 sulfonate Typical nonionic Emulsifiers l 1. Sodium N cyclohexyl-N- lgepon CN-42 palmitoyl-taurate Chemical Name Trade Name l2. Sodium lauryl ether Siphon ES sulfate ll Sudium alkyluryl Triton 45 l. Nonylphenoxypoly(ethyleneoxy)- lgeptil CO-970 polyether sulfate ethimol l4. Sodium sulfate ester of Alipal CO-433 nonyliilhenyl Polyethylene glycol Tcrg'wl TP-g nonylphenoxypoly at er (chyleneoxy) 3. polyethyleneglycol fatty ester Modecol L. ammo! 4. coconut alkanolamide Monamine AA-IUO l5. Ammonium sulfate ester of Alipal CO-436 polymhyleneglycol 400 Pegmul-5942 nunylphenoxypoly monolaurate (ethyleneoxv) P py n glycol monolaurate [h {"01 7. castordiethanolamide l -6547 B R a. th 1 d d l 16. Sodium naphthalene Nacconol NRSF e 3 i f f Ehnmlds Ironic acid It primary dtty drnt es r A I 0T 9. fatty alcohol polyglycolether Lorox i g ,d 5 5 lot sorbitolsesquioleate Nonion OP-83 SU 05 C ilCl v lli pnlyoxyethylene lauryl ether Bl'lj-35 sod'um wwmfied v I I ANHI l2, polyoxyetliylene lauryl alcohol lgepal-43O pol-(mefljulmylether/ mule: l3. polyetherated fatty alcohols Emulphor-CN I S l f' L, Emulphor-CN-87U 9 0 turn saponi ie p0 y- :fltronx 00 14. polyoxyethylaled octyl phenol Triton X-l00 S A 0 A 0 having 8 to ID ethylene oxide unhydrlde) units The cationic emulsifiers include, but are not limited to, the T l pobllmenc i fi l the watei'dlsperslble class of emulsifiers which are acid salts of primary, secondary, N g z s sgg T on '24 z g f 249 5 E and tertiary amines and the quaternary ammonium type emullt g to O f Con i gi solls' sifiersi Typical cationic emulsifiers (used with acids to form patentd L fl l d f z u e POIYeIeC' water-soluble salts when not quaternary ammonium comb l l 656 T 5 6 "T as symhem: water pounds) are Set forth in Table B. so e p0 ye ectro ytes aving weight average molecular weight of at least 10,000 and having a structure derived by the TABLE B polymerization of at least one monoolefinic compound through the aliphatic unsaturated group and substantially free of cross-linking." The present invention has shown that these s nthetic water soluble ol electrol tes can be em 10 ed as Typical Cationic Emulsifiers y p p y emulsifiers for the preparation of latices as herein set forthv Trade Name Emulsifiet Base The disclosed polyelectrolytes of this patent are therefor incorporated herein by reference, it being noted however that the lower limit of molecular weight prescribed by the patentee does not apply, the applicable criterion being that the materials are water soluble or water dispersible emulsifiers.

Combinations of emulsifiers The present invention has disclosed that by using certain combinations of emulsifiers, it becomes possible to prepare a stable latex from aliphatic hydrocarbon polymers dissolved in hydrocarbon solvents and even in aromatic solvents, as is desirable under certain processing conditions. An effective emulsifier combination for aqueously emulsifying 100 parts by weight of a hydrocarbon rubber dissolved in from about 300 to 600 parts of an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent such as toluene, may comprise parts by weight of a nonionic emulsifier, e.g., polyoxyethylated octyl phenol such as Triton X-lOO, a trademark product and one part by weight of an anionic emulsifier, e.g., sodium lauryl sulfate.

Another effective emulsifier combination for 100 parts by weight of hydrocarbon rubber dissolved in about 400 parts of aromatic solvent such as toluene combines 3 parts by weight of the aryl anionic emulsifier, sodium salt of an alkaryl polyether sulfate, e.g., Triton W-3O (a trademark product) and 3 parts by weight of the nonaryl anionic emulsifier sodium lauryl sulfate, e.g., Dupanol WAQ (a trademark product).

It has for some time been a desideratum in the art to have a stable hydrocarbon rubber latex suitable for combination with asphalt or asphalt emulsions, for road surfacing and roofing purposes, for example. Application Ser. No. 691,823 has disclosed that latices of hydrocarbon rubber such as butyl rubber, polyisobutylene, ethylene-propylene rubber or rubbery amorphous polypropylene, which are suitable for such use, can be prepared by employing as emulsifier for the hydrocarbon solvent solution of the rubber a combination of emulsifiers in which one or more quaternary ammonium emulsifiers (e.g., the quaternary ammonium compounds supplied under the Redicote trade mark), are combined with one or more fatty acid amine or diamine type emulsifiers in-the ratio of quaternary ammonium to fatty acid amine in the range of from 1:5 to 5:1, notwithstanding that the quaternary ammonium emulsifiers alone, for the most part, will not form stable aqueous emulsions with the above types of hydrocarbon polymers.

For example a stable aqueous latex is obtained from hydrocarbon rubber, e.g., butyl rubber or ethylene-propylene rubber, dissolved in an aliphatic or even an aromatic solvent, e.g., hexane, benzene, toluene and/or the zylenes, with the aid of a mixture of the emulsifiers selected'from subgroups (a) and (b) in the ratio of 0.5:5 to 5:0.5 parts by weight, said mixture being employed in the amount of 2 to ID parts by weight based on the polymer, and said subgroups (a) and (b) being represented by formulae 1 and II respectively: I

wherein R and R are selected from the alkyl radicals having from eight to 22 carbon atoms and X is an acid anion, preferably the alkyl radicals being those derived from cocoanut oil and/or tallow fatty acids.

The quantity of emulsifier employed in this invention is in the range of 2 to percent by weight and preferably 4 to 12 percent by weight based on the high polymer composition; and if desired, small additions of electrolyte may be made to the latex or in preparing the course or fine emulsion, as, for example, in accordance with the practices referred to in US. Pat. Nos. 2,955,094 issued Oct. 4, 1960 and 3,222,311, issued Dec. 4, i965. to Esso Research and Engineering Company, as assignee of R. S. Brodkey et al., and A. L. Miller et al. Alkali metal acid phosphate salts are suitable for this purpose, and

are also useful in connection with the use of the addituent 24d (FIG. 1) as above described, for reducing the quantity of said addituent required.

e. Monomer Materials 241), 1224b The ethylenically unsaturated monomer material employable herein is selected from the class consisting of:

i. the monoethylenically unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbon monomers containing from eight to 18 carbon atoms,

ii. the conjugated diene hydrocarbon monomers containing not more than 12 carbon atoms,

iii. the nonconjugated diene hydrocarbon monomers containing not more than 18 carbon atoms,

iv. the monoethylenically unsaturated monomers containing polar groups and having not more than 18 carbon atoms, and

v. the nonconjugated diene and triene monomers containing polar groups and having not more than 22 carbon atoms,

the polar groups of (iv) and (v) being selected from the class consisting of carboxyl, hydroxy], carbonyl, ester, ether, nitrile, amine, quaternary ammonium, amide, triazine, halogen, and sulfur or phosphorus containing groups.

Examples of the monoethylenically unsaturated aromatic hydrocarbon monomers of group (i) include vinyl, vinylidene and allyl aromatic monomers such as styrene, the vinyl toluenes, the methyl styrenes, the ethyl styrenes, the propyl styrenes, the vinyl biphenyls, the vinyl naphthalenes, the a and/or ,8 alkyl substituted vinyl aromatics such as a-methyl styrene, isopropenyl biphenyl, and the like.

Examples of the conjugated diene monomers of group (ii) include hydrocarbon conjugated dienes such as butadiene- 1,3,isoprene, 2,3-diemthylbutadiene-l,4, piperylene, pentadiene-l,3,2-phenyl-butadiene-l,3, and the like; the polar conjugated dienes such as land 2-cyano-butadiene-l,3, 2- chloro-butadiene-l,3 and the like.

Examples of the nonconjugated diene hydrocarbon monomers of group (iii) include: the dialkene aryl compounds and derivatives including the divinyl-, divinylidene and diallyl aryl compounds, such as divinyl benzenes, divinyl toluenes, divinylxylenes, divinyl ethyl benzenes, divinyl biphenyls and divinylnaphthalenes, divinyl methylnaphthalenes, and the like.

Examples of the mono-ethylenically unsaturated monomers of group (iv) which have polar groups selected from the class consisting of carboxyl, hydroxyl, ester, carbonyl, ether, nitrile, amine, quaternary ammonium, amide, triazine, and halogen groups include:

a. among the carboxyl group containing monomers-the olefinic acids and their derivatives such as acrylic acid and the alpha and/or beta alkyl, aryl, and alkaryl substituted acrylic acides such as the'methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, phenyl, tolyl and the like alphaand/or beta-substituted acrylic acids including a-methacrylic acid, a-ethacrylic acid, apropylacrylic acid, a-butylacrylic acid and a-phenylacrylic acid, and the like, and further including the oxy, hydroxy and halogen, including the fluoro, chloro, and bromo derivatives of these olefinic acids and substituted olefinic acids and the like; the half alkenyl esters of saturated dicarboxylic acids such as the vinyl, vinylidene and allyl half ester of such saturated dicarboxylic acids as oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, tartaric, citric, phthalic and the like.

b. among the hydroxyl groups containing monomersthe partial esters of polyols and olefinic acids such as the monoglycol esters, the mono-glycerol esters, the mono-propylene glycol esters of olefinic acids including acrylic, methacrylic, ethacrylic and the like;

c. among the ester group containing monomersesters of olefinic acids including aand ,B-substituted olefinic acids and including alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, aralkyl esters such as the methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, pentyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, phenyl esters of acrylic, methacrylic, ethacrylic, and the like; and including the a-haloacrylates such as methyl a-chloroacrylate, propyl a-chloroacrylate and the like; the esters of olefinic alcohols with saturated acids, such as allyl, methallyl, crotyl, l-'

chloroallyl, 2chloroallyl, cinnamyl, vinyl, methylvinyl, l-phenylallyl, butenyl and the like esters of saturated aliphatic and aromatic monobasic acids as vinyl and allyl acetate, isopropev nyl acetate, vinyl formate, vinyl-Z-ethyl hexoate, methyl vinyl acetate, vinyl and allyl propionate, n-butyrate and isopropenyl propionate, isopropenyl butyrate, vinyl and allyl benzoate, and the like; the dialkyl esters of oleflnic dicarboxylic acids such as the dialkyl esters and mixed dialkyl esters from such alkyls as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and the like through C of the olefinic dicarboxylic acids including maleic, citraconic, itaconic, muconic, glutaconic, fumaric and derivatives of these esters such as diethyl-chloromaleate and the like;

(it among the carbonyl group containing monomersthe olefinic aldehydes such as acrolein, methacrolein, crotonaldehyde and the like; the alkenyl ketones such as methyl vinyl ketone, isopropenyl methyl ketone, allyl methyl ketone, mesityl oxide, allyl phenyl ketone and the like;

e. among the ether group containing monomers-the olefinic ethers such as vinyl ethyl ether, vinyl butyl ether, vinyl cyclohexyl ether, vinyl phenyl ether, vinyl benzyl ether, methyl isopropenyl ether, allyl ethyl ether, methallyl ethyl ether, chloroallyl ethyl ether and the like;

f. among the nitrile group containing monomersthe olefinic nitriles such as methacrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile, ethacrylonitrile, chloroacrylonitrile and the like;

g. among the amine group containing monomers-the olefinic amines, such as N,N-dimethyl allyl amine, allylamine, N,N-diethyl, dipropyl, dibutyl, diisobutyl, diphenyl and similar allylamines and N-allyl morpholine, N-allyl-pyridine, N-allylethyleneimine and the like; the amino olefinic ethers such as the amino vinyl ethers including aminoethylvinyl ether, N- ethylaminoethylvinyl ether, amino propylvinyl ether, N- methylaminoethylvinyl ether, N,N-diethylaminoethylvinyl ether and the like; nitrogen containing esters of olefinic acids such as aminocyclohexyl methacrylate, triethanolamine monomethacrylate, Bpiperidyl-N-ethyl methacrylate ,8- morpholine-N-ethyl methacrylate, N-methacrylyl morpholine, N-methacrylyl thiomorpholine, N-emthacrylyl piperidines, N- acrylyl morpholine, N-acrylyl thiomorpholine, N-acrylyl piperidine and the like; the N vinyl monomers such as N-vinylpyrrole, N-vinyl carbazole, N-vinylindole, N-vinyl succinimide and the like; N-vinyl lactams such as N-vinyl caprolactam, N- vinyl butyrolactum and the like; the acylamino substituted acrylic and aand ,B-acrylic acid esters such as the methyl, ethyl, propyl and the like alkyl esters of a-acetoaminoacrylate, a-N-butyl-aminoacrylate and the like; the vinyl pyridines such as 2-vinylpyridine, 3-vinylpyridine, 4-vinylpyridine, 2-vinyl-5- ethylpyridine. 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine and the other ethyl and methyl isomers of vinylpyridine and the like;

h. among the quaternary ammonium group containing monomers-the quaternary ammonium monomers which comprise rnethacryloxy-ethyltrimethylammonium sulfate and various quaternizing reaction products of quaternizing agents such as alkyl halides, alkyl sulfonates, alkyl phosphates and the like (cg. methyl bromide and toluene sulfonate) with tertiary amine monomers such as ,B-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, methyl a-diethyl aminoacrylate, methyl a-(N- methyl-anilino)-acrylate, methyl oz-dibenzylaminoacrylate, methyl a-distearylamino acrylate and the like;

i. among the amide group containing monomers-the amides and substituted amides of acrylic acid and aand B- substituted acrylic acids such as acrylamide, methacrylamide, ethacrylamide, N-methacrylamide, N-methlmethacrylamide, N,N-bis (hydroxyethyl) acrylamide, N,N-diethylacrylamide, N,N-ethylmethylacrylamide and other monoand di- N substituted unsaturated acid amides where the substituent is C to C alkyl alkoxy, haloalkyl and the like; the fluorosubstituted amides of olefinic acids such as N-(2,2,3-trifluoroethyl) acrylamide, methacrylamide, N-(2,2-difluoroethyl acrylamide and methacrylamide;

j. among the triazine group containing monomers-the monoolefinic triazine monomers including triazine monomers in which one of the carbons of the triazine ring is attached to a vinyl, allyl, methallyl, crotyl, l-chloroallyl, 2-chlorallyl, cinnamyl, butenyl radical or the like and the other carbons of the triazine are attached to cyano, halo (F, Cl, Br), amino, alkoxy, cycloaliphatic (e.g., cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, etc.), aromaticsubstituent (e.g., phenyl, biphenyl, naphthyl, etc.), alkylaryl (e.g., tolyl, xylyl, ethylphenyl, etc.) halogenated aromatic and the like; the N-vinyl and allyl guanidines and including allyl melamine, allyl isomelarnine and the like; the N-vinyl-N-alkylguanidines such as N-vinyl-Nn-butylguanidine, N-vinyl-N- benzyl guanidine, acryloguanamine, methacryloguanamine and the like; and

k. among the halogen group containing monomers-the olifinic halides, such as vinyl fluoride, vinyl chloride, vinyl bromide, vinylidene fluoride, vinylidene chloride, allyl fluoride, allyl chloride, a-methallyl fluoride, a-methallyl chloride, a-ethallyl fluoride or chloride or bromide, tetrafluoroethylene, trifluorochloroethylene, dichloridifluoroethylene, trichlorofluoroethylene, perfluoropropylene, l-phenyl-l ,Zdifluoroethylene, trichloroethylene and the like; olefinic acid esters of fluoro alcohols such as the a-trifluoromethyl acrylic acid esters such as the methyl or ethyl ester or the ester of prefluoroethanol or the partially fluorinated alcohols, that is the fluoroalkanols such as octafluoropentanol and the like; and halogen substituted aryl oleflnes such as the halo (F, Cl, Br) substituents including the mono, di, tri, and tetra chloro styrenes, the fluorostyrenes, the chlorovinyl toluenes, the fluorovinyl toluenes, the cyano styrenes and the like monomers.

Examples of the nonconjugated diene and triene monomers of group (v) containing polar groups from the class consisting of carboxyl, hydroxyl, ester, carbonyl, ether, nitrile, amine, quarternary ammonium, amide, triazine and halogen groups include:

(a), (b), (c) among the carboxyl group, hydroxy group. and ester group containing monomers-the olefinic dicarboxylic acids and their acid anhydrides and the half alkyl, aryl or alkaryl esters of oleflnic dicarboxylic acids such as maleic. citraconic, itaconic, mesaconic, fumaric, muconic and similar acids including their acid anhydrides such as maleic anhydride and the like and the alkyl and aryl half esters of these olefinic dicarboxylic acids like monoethyl fumarate, monomethyl itaconate and the halo-derivatives of these such as chloromaleic anhydride; the olefinic nitrile and other polymerizable olefinic nitriles and these can be polymerized and can then have their cyano groups converted to carboxyl groups by saponification with a strong alkali such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide; monomers having a plurality of polymerizable unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds at least two of which are nonconjugated, including the polyunsaturated esters of olefinic alcohols and unsaturated monocarboxylic acids such as the vinyl, vinylidene, and allyl, methallyl, crotyl, lchloroallyl, 2-chloroallyl, cinnamyl, methyl vinyl, l-phenyl allyl, butenyl esters of unsaturated monocarboxylic acids such as vinyl acrylate, allyl acrylate, the vinyl and allyl esters of aand B-substituted acrylates such as vinyl methacrylate, vinyl crotonate, vinyl ethacrylate, allyl methacrylate, allyl ethacrylate, vinyl a-chloroacrylate, allyl ahydroxyethyl acrylate, and the like; the polyunsaturated esters of saturated dicarboxylic and polycarboxylic acids such as the vinyl, vinylidene, allyl, methallyl, crotyl, l-chloroallyl, 2- chloroallyl, cinnamyl, methyl vinyl, l-phenyl allyl, butenyl esters and mixed esters of such dicarboxylic acids as oxalic, malonic, succinic, glutaric, adipic, tartaric, citric, and the like including such monomers as diallyl oxylate, diallyl sebacate, diallyl adipate, diallyl succinate, diallyl malonate, triallyl citrate and the like; polyunsaturated esters of unsaturated polycarboxylic acids, such as the vinyl, vinylidene, allyl, ethallyl, crotyl, l-chloroallyl, 2-chloroallyl, cinnamyl, methyl vinyl, l-phenyl allyl, butenyl esters and mixed esters of the unsatu rated polycarboxylic acids such as maleic, citraconic itaconic, mesaconic, fumaric, muconic, chloromaleic, aconitic and the like including such monomers as diallyl fumarate, diallyl homophthalate, diallyl itaconate, diallyl ester of muconic acid,

diallyl maleate, diallyl phthalate, diallyl isophthalate, diallyl terephthalate, triallyl aconitate and the like; polyhydroxy esters of unsaturated acids such as the glycol esters, glycol ether esters, the trihydroxy-, tetrahydroxy-, pentahydroxy-, hexahydroxyesters including the glycerides, the pentoses, the hexoses esters of acrylic acid and ozand B-substituted acrylic acid such as ethylene diacrylate, ethylene dimethacrylate, propylene dimethacrylate, glycerol dimethacrylate, glyceryl trimethacrylate, tetramethylene diacrylate and dimethacrylate, tetraethylene glycol dimethacrylate and including the pentose and hexose diesters and triesters of acrylic acid and the aand B-substituted acrylic acids, such as pentose dimethacrylate, hexose triacrylate and the like; unsaturated half-esters of unsaturated dicarboxylic acids including the vinyl, vinylidene and ally] half esters of the unsaturated dicar boxylic acids such as maleic, citraconic, itaconic, mesaconic, fumaric, muconic, chlorornaleic, aconitic and the like such monoallyl maleic acid, mono-vinyl itaconic acid and the like; reaction products of alkenyl halide with a polyhydric alcohol such as ally] chloride, ally] bromide, methallyl chloride, rnethallyl bromide, crotyl chloride reacted with such alcohols as butane triols, erythritols, saccharides, polysaccharides and other sugars such as glucose, sucrose, maltose, arabitol, mannitol, starches and the like; and other monomers containing a carboxyl group and a plurality of unsaturated double bonds;

d. among the carbonyl group containing monomerspolyunsaturated ketones such as divinyl ketone, diallyl ketone, and. the like;

e. among the ether group containing monomers-polyunsaturated ethers such as divinyl ether, diallyl ether, divinyl carbitol, divinyl ether of diethylene glycol, diallyl and triallyl glycerol ether, diallyl l,2-propanediol ether, diallyl 3-butene- 1,2,3-propanetriol, diallyl and triallyl ethers of l-phenyl-l,2,3- propanetriol, diallyl-l ,5-naphthalenediamethyol ether, and the like;

f. among the nitrile group containing monomersthe allyl ester ofa-cyanoacrylate, and the like;

g. among the amine group containing monomers-diallyl amine, triallyl amine, and the like;

h. among the quaternary ammonium group containing monomcrs-tetra ally] ammonium chloride, methyl-triallyl ammonium bromide, methyl-benzyl-diallyl ammonium bromidc, reaction products ofmaleic anhydride, and triallylamine quaternized with ally] chloride, and the like;

i. among the amide group containing monomerspolyunsaturated acid amides such as N,N-diallyl acrylamide, N,N-dially] methacrylamide, N,N-methylene bisacrylamide and the like;

j. among the triazine group containing monomers-polyunsaturated triazines, the diallyl cyanurate, N,Ndially] melamine, 2,4-diallyloxy-6-amino-S-triazine, the diand trivinyl cyanurates and derivatives of these and the like; and

k. among the halogen group containing monomers-the halo (F, Cl, Br) mono-, di and polysubstituted divinylbenzenes, divinyl naphthalenes, divinyl biphenyl oxides, divinyl toluncs, and the like.

Further examples of monomers of the class and subclasses defined, which are employable herein and are set forth in Burke, et al., U.S. Pat. No. 3,144,426, columns to 7, and are herein incorporated by reference.

The foregoing monomers include monomers which are predominantly water soluble as well as monomers which are predominantly oil soluble, and when it is desired to produce an interpolymer latex, it is preferred to employ monomers predominantly soluble in the polymer phase of the latex and in any event to effect the polymerization with the aid of predominantly oil-soluble polymerization catalyst or a redox system at least a compound portion of which is predominantly soluble in the monomer polymer phase. The oil and water solubilities of monomer and catalyst materials are known to or readily determinable by those skilled in the art.

f. Free-Radical Generating Polymerization Catalysts 24a, 1224a).

The free-radical generating catalysts and catalyst systems useful in the range of 0.8 to 20 parts per parts of added monomer materials employed in certain embodiments of the present invention constitute a well-known class which includes: the inorganic peroxides such as hydrogen peroxide and the like; the various organic peroxy catalysts, such as the dialkyl peroxides, e.g., diethyl peroxide, diisopropyl peroxide. dilaury] peroxide, dioleyl peroxide, distearyl peroxide, di-(tertiary-butyl) peroxide; di-(tertiary amyl) peroxide, dicumy] peroxide and the like; the alkyl hydrogen peroxides such as tertiary butyl hydroperoxide, tertiary amyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, tctralin hydroperoxide, and diisopropyl benzene hydroperoxide and the like; the symmetrical diacyl peroxides, for instance acetyl peroxide, propionyl peroxide, lauroyl peroxide, stearoyl peroxide, malonyl peroxide, suc cinoyl peroxide, phthaloyl peroxide, ben'zoyl peroxide; ketone peroxide such as methylethyl ketone peroxide, cyclohexanone peroxide, and the like; the fatty oil acid peroxides, such as cocoanut oil acid peroxides and the like; the unsymmetrical or mixed diacyl peroxides, such as acetyl benzoyl peroxide, propionyl benzoyl peroxide and the like; the azo compounds such as Z-azobis (isobutyronitrile), Z-azobis (2 methylbutyronitrile), l-azobis tl-cyclohexancarbonitrile) and the like, and other free radical generating catalysts employable in emulsion polymerization, such as peroxy-catalyst compounds in combination with a reducing compound such as an amine, engr, triethylene tetramine or tetraethylene pentamine, with or without metallic ion combination, e.g., ferrous ions, which systems are referred to as redox free-radical generating catalyst systems, which latter are further exemplified in the treatise Emulsion Polymerization by F. A. Bovey, et al., 1955 lnterscience Publishers, lnc., New York, N. Y. at pages 71-93, herein incorporated by reference.

g. Cross-linking Agents 240, 12246 The cross-linking agents useful, in the range of 0.1 to 20 parts per 100 parts of polymer content of the latex by weight, for effecting the cross-linking employed in particular embodiments of the present invention, also form a well-known class of materials which includes: elemental sulfur, selenium and tellurium, and compounds containing these elements, usually in their lower valence states or covalance states, and other polyfunctional free radical generating catalysts. Compounds which liberate sulfur, selenium or tellurium during irradiation or during heat aging (]0O to 200 C.) are useful. Polymers containing sulfur, selenium or tellurium and/or monomers capable of forming such polymers are also useful. Conventional rubber vulcanizing agents and vulcanizing accelerators are particularly adapted to this application. Specific c0m pounds of the class are: The mercapto thiazoles, such as 2- mercaptobenzothiozole and its salts, for example its zinc salt, thiuram sulfides, such as tetraethylthiuram monosuliide and tetrabutylthiuram monosultide; guanidines, thiourea, substituted thioureas, thiocarbanilides, substituted thiocarbanilides such as o-dirnethylthiocarbanilide and its isomers and alkyl homologs; zinc dialkyl dithiocarbamates such as zinc dimethy] dithiocarbamate, zinc diethyldithiocarbamate, zinc dibutyl dithiocarbamate, and zinc dibenzyl dithiocarbamate or accelerators containing these materials, thiurams such as tetramethylthiuram disulfide, tetraethylthiuram disulfide, and other tetra substituted thiuram disulfides; selenium dialkyl dithiocarbamates such as selenium diethyldithiocarbamate; 2- benzothiazyl-N,N-diethylthiocarbamyl sulfide; sodium or potassium dirnethyl-dithiocarbamate; xanthates such as dibutyl zanthogen disulfide and Naugatuck Chemicals CPB and ZBX; alkyl phenol sulfides; bis(dimethylthiocarbamyl) disulfide, dipentamethylene tetrasulfide; and sulfur containing polymers such as Thiokol VA-3, 4,4-dithiomorpholine and disulfides such as benzothiazyl disulfide. In fact, any compound in which sulfur, selenium or tellurium is attached only to an atom of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen or to another sulfur,

' selenium or tellurium atom, as the case may be, may be suitable. 

2. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which, following step (f) the latex is concentrated to a solids content, dry basis, of over 50 percent, by weight.
 3. A method for preparing a latex the dispersed phase of which is a composition of an organic solvent soluble or dispersible polymer, the latex particles of which are of such size that the latex when at a concentration of 50 percent solids, dry basis by weight, has a viscosity no greater than 5,000 cps., the latex containing and being stabilized by an amount of emulsifier material in the range of 4 to 12 parts per 100 parts of the dispersed phase, by weight; said polymer being selected from the class consisting of natural rubber and polymerized ethylenically unsaturated monomer material containing from two to 20 carbon atoms; and said emulsifier material being selected from the class consisting of the anionic, cationic and nonionic emulsifiers which contain from eight to 22 carbon atoms, when nonpolymeric, and the polymeric emulsifiers; which method comprises: a. providing a moving flow of gas comprising steam as an initial continuous phase, b. providing a cement of the polymer composition in essentially water-immiscible volatile organic solvent which itself or as an azeotrope with water has a boiling point lower than that of water at atmospheric pressure, c. emulsifying together said cement and water in the proportions of 0.5 to 2.5 volumes of water per volume of cement with not less than one-fourth and not more than three-fourths of the said amount of emulsifier material based on the dry solids content of said cement, by weight, to form an unstable emulsion of temporarily precursor latex particle size, d. then, before coalescence of more than 5 percent of the dispersed phase Of said emulsion into greater than precursor latex particle size, dispersing the unstable emulsion of temporarily precursor latex particle size into the flow of steam as the initial continuous phase and subjecting the phases to a decrease of pressure while maintaining the temperature thereof below the limiting temperature for maintaining the temporary stability of the emulsion, thereby vaporizing solvent from the dispersed droplets and forming an aerosol of latex in vapor, e. separating the latex droplets from the vapor phase of the aerosol, f. concentrating the latex to a solids content, dry basis, of over 50 percent by weight, and g. dispersing further emulsifier into said latex, to the extent of at least one-fourth of said amount of emulsifier, after the dispersion of the emulsion in step (d) and before the concentration of the latex beyond 45 percent solids, dry basis, in step (f).
 4. A method as claimed in claim 3, in which the emulsifier material comprises at least two emulsifiers, one having an aromatic nucleus and the other having an aliphatic nucleus.
 5. A method as claimed in claim 1, in which the solvent is an aromatic solvent, the polymer is an aliphatic polymer, the emulsifier material employed in step (b) consists essentially of emulsifier having an aromatic nucleus, and the emulsifier employed in step (e) consists essentially of emulsifier having an aliphatic nucleus.
 6. A method as claimed in claim 3, in which step (g) is practiced prior to step (e).
 7. A method as claimed in claim 3, in which step (g) is practiced after step (e).
 8. A method for preparing a latex the dispersed phase of which is a composition of an organic solvent soluble or dispersible polymer, the latex particles of which are of such size that the latex when at a concentration of 50 percent solids, dry basis by weight, has a viscosity no greater than 5,000 cps., the latex containing and being stabilized by an amount of emulsifier material in the range of 4 to 12 parts per 100 parts of the dispersed phase, by weight; said polymer being selected from the class consisting of natural rubber and polymerized ethylenically unsaturated monomer material containing from two to 20 carbon atoms; and said emulsifier material being selected from the class consisting of the anionic, cationic and nonionic emulsifiers which contain from eight to 22 carbon atoms, when nonpolymeric, and the polymeric emulsifiers, which method comprises: a. providing a moving flow of gas comprising steam as an initial continuous phase, b. providing a cement of the polymer composition in essentially water-immiscible volatile organic solvent which itself or as an azeotrope with water has a boiling point lower than that of water at atmospheric pressure, c. emulsifying together said cement and water in the proportions of 0.5 to 2.5 volumes of water per volume of cement with not less than one-fourth and not more than three-fourths of the said amount of emulsifier material based on the dry solids content of said cement, by weight, to form an unstable emulsion of temporarily precursor latex particle size, d. mixing into said unstable emulsion, before coalescence of more than 5 percent of the dispersed phase of said emulsion into greater than precursor latex particle size, further emulsifier material to the extent of at least one-fourth of said amount of emulsifier material while maintaining essentially unchanged the particle size of the dispersed phase, e. dispersing the mixture formed in step (d) into the flow of steam as the initial continuous phase and subjecting the phases to a decrease of pressure while maintaining the temperature thereof below the limiting temperature for stability of the emulsion, thereby vaporizing solvent from the dispersed droplets and forming an aerosol of latex in vapor, and f. separating the latex from the vapor phase of the aerosol.
 9. A method for preparing a latex the Dispersed phase of which is a composition of an organic solvent soluble or dispersible polymer, the latex particles of which are of such size that the latex, when at a concentration of 50 percent solids, dry basis by weight, has a viscosity no greater than 5,000 cps., the latex containing sufficient emulsifier material to stabilize the same; said polymer being selected from the class consisting of natural rubber and polymerized ethylenically unsaturated monomer material containing from two to 20 carbon atoms; and said emulsifier material being selected from the class consisting of the anionic, cationic and nonionic emulsifiers which contain from eight to 22 carbon atoms, when nonpolymeric, and the polymeric emulsifiers, which method comprises: a. providing a moving flow of gas comprising steam as an initial continuous phase, b. providing a cement of the polymer composition in essentially water-immiscible volatile organic solvent which itself or as an azeotrope with water has a boiling point lower than that of water at atmospheric pressure, c. forming an unstable emulsion of temporarily precursor latex particle size in two emulsifying steps, in the first of which said cement and water are emulsified with sufficient emulsifier to form an unstable crude emulsion, in which more than 5 percent of the dispersed phase droplets are of greater than precursor latex particle size, and in the second of which said unstable crude emulsion is reduced to an unstable fine emulsion essentially of temporarily precursor latex particle size having no more than 5 percent of its dispersed phase of greater than precursor latex particle size, d. delivering said unstable fine emulsion, as soon as it is formed in said second emulsifying step, directly into said flow of steam as the initial continuous phase and dispersing the same therein and subjecting the phases to a decrease of pressure while maintaining the temperature thereof below the limiting temperature for maintaining the temporary stability of the emulsion, thereby vaporizing solvent from the dispersed droplets and forming an aerosol of latex in vapor, e. separating the latex droplets from the vapor phase of the aerosol, and f. concentrating the latex to a solids content dry basis, of over 50 percent by weight.
 10. A method as defined in claim 9, in which the proportion of emulsifier employed in step (c) while only sufficient to yield a temporarily stable emulsion of the cement, is sufficient to produce a stable latex of the polymer after removal of the solvent from the dispersed cement phase.
 11. A method as claimed in claim 9, in which the proportion of emulsifier employed in step (c) is sufficient to produce only a temporarily stable latex of the polymer after removal of solvent from the dispersed cement phase, and in which the method further comprises: g. before coalescence of more than 5 percent of the dispersed phase of the latex into particles of greater than latex particle size, dispersing sufficient additional emulsifier material into the latex to stabilize the latex.
 12. A method as claimed in claim 11, in which step (g) is practiced after the dispersion of the emulsion in step (d) and before the concentration of the latex beyond 45 percent solids, dry basis, in step (f).
 13. A method as claimed in claim 12, in which step (g) is practiced by dispersing the additional emulsifier material into the aerosol prepared by step (d) and separating the same from the vapor phase thereof with the latex droplets in step (e).
 14. A process for preparing a latex by forming and removing solvent from an aqueous emulsion of a cement which is essentially an organic solvent dispersion of high polymer composition; the latex containing and being stabilized by emulsifier material; said polymer being selected from the class consisting of natural rubber and polymerized ethylenically unsaturated monomer material containing from two to 20 caRbon atoms; and said emulsifier material being selected from the class consisting of the anionic, cationic and nonionic emulsifiers which contains from eight to 22 carbon atoms, when nonpolymeric, and the polymeric emulsifiers, which process comprises, in combination, the steps of: a. providing a moving flow of gas comprising steam as an initial continuous phase, b. providing a cement of not more than 40 weight parts of the polymer composition in essentially not less than 60 weight parts of water immiscible volatile organic solvent which itself, or as an azeotrope with water, has a boiling point lower than water, at atmospheric pressure, c. forming from said cement and water and emulsifier material an emulsion of at least temporarily precursor latex particle size, d. dispersing a flow of said emulsion as a discontinuous phase into said flow of steam as an initial continuous phase, in such proportion that sufficient heat is provided by condensation of steam in said flow to vaporize substantially all the solvent from the liquid phase into the gaseous phase of said flow to form an aerosol while adding the condensate formed to the discontinuous phase of said aerosol, e. withdrawing a flow of said aerosol, f. subjecting the withdrawn flow of said aerosol to a separation of its discontinuous liquid phase from its continuous gaseous phase to form a latex, g. withdrawing a flow of said latex and subjecting said withdrawn flow of latex to vaporization of a part of its water content to convert said flow into a flow of water vapor mixed with bodies of more concentrated latex, h. commingling the flow produced by step (g) with the flow withdrawn by step (e) and i. subjecting the commingled flow produced by step (h) to step (f) for effecting separation of the liquid phase of said water vapor and latex flow from the vapor phase thereof simultaneously with the practice of step (f), and j. withdrawing a part of the latex formed by said step (f).
 15. A process as claimed in claim 14 in which the combination of steps further comprises: k. subjecting the flow of aerosol withdrawn in step (e) to coalescing stresses to coalesce fine liquid droplets carried by the gaseous phase of the aerosol before subjecting said flow to the commingling of step (h).
 16. A process as claimed in claim 14, in which the combination of steps further comprises: k. subjecting the commingled flows produced by step (h) to coalescing stresses to coalesce liquid bodies carried thereby into larger bodies before subjecting the same to step (f) in accordance with step (i).
 17. A process as claimed in claim 16, in which the combination of steps further comprises: l. subjecting the flow of aerosol withdrawn in step (e) to coalescing stresses to coalesce fine liquid droplets carried by the gaseous phase of the aerosol before subjecting said flow to the commingling of step (h).
 18. A process for forming a latex by forming and removing solvent from an aqueous emulsion of a cement which is essentially an organic solvent dispersion of high polymer composition; the latex containing and being stabilized by emulsifier material; said polymer being selected from the class consisting of natural rubber and polymerized ethylenically unsaturated monomer material containing from two to 20 carbon atoms; and said emulsifier material being selected from the class consisting of the anionic, cationic and nonionic emulsifiers which contains from eight to 22 carbon atoms, when nonpolymeric, and the polymeric emulsifiers, which process comprises, in combination, the steps of: a. providing a moving flow of gas comprising steam as an initial continuous phase, b. providing a cement of not more than 40 weight parts of the polymer composition in essentially not less than 60 weight parts of water immiscible volatile organic solvent which itself, or as an azeotrope with water, has a boiling point lower than water, at atmospheriC pressure, c. forming from said cement and water and emulsifier material an emulsion of at least temporarily precursor latex particle size, d. dispersing a flow of said emulsion as a discontinuous phase into said flow of steam as an initial continuous phase, in such proportion that sufficient heat is provided by condensation of steam in said flow to vaporize substantially all the solvent from the liquid phase into the gaseous phase of said flow to form an aerosol while adding the condensate formed to the discontinuous phase of said aerosol, e. withdrawing a flow of said aerosol, f. subjecting the withdrawn flow of said aerosol to a separation of its discontinuous liquid phase, from its continuous gaseous phase, to form a latex, g. withdrawing a flow of said latex, h. mixing the flows withdrawn in steps (e) and (g), i. subjecting the mixed flow produced by step (h) to step (f) so that the admixture of the flow withdrawn in step (g) with the flow withdrawn in step (e) may assist the separation in step (f), and j. withdrawing a part of the latex formed by said step (f).
 19. A method for preparing a latex the dispersed phase of which is a composition of an organic solvent soluble or dispersible polymer, the latex particles of which are of such size that the latex when at a concentration of 50 percent solids, dry basis by weight, has a viscosity no greater than 5,000 cps., the latex containing and being stabilized by an amount of emulsifier material in the range of 4 to 12 parts per 100 parts of the dispersed phase, by weight; said polymer being selected from the class consisting of natural rubber and polymerized ethylenically unsaturated monomer material containing from two to 20 carbon atoms; and said emulsifier material being selected from the class consisting of the anionic, cationic and nonionic emulsifiers which contain from eight to 22 carbon atoms, when nonpolymeric, and the polymeric emulsifiers; which method comprises: a. providing a moving flow of gas comprising steam as an initial continuous phase, b. providing a cement of the polymer composition in essentially water-immiscible volatile organic solvent which itself or as an azeotrope with water has a boiling point lower than that of water at atmospheric pressure, c. emulsifying together said cement and water in proportions of 0.5 to 2.5 volumes of water per volume of cement with not less than one-fourth and not more than three-fourths of the said amount of emulsifier material based on the dry solids content of said cement, by weight, to form an emulsion the polymer-solvent phase of which is of a size which, on removal of its solvent, will produce latex particles in the range of 2,000 to 10,000 A. average diameter, d. dispersing the emulsion formed by step (c) into the flow of steam to form an aerosol of dilute latex in vapor therein, e. separating the latex from the vapor phase of the aerosol, f. concentrating the same to at least 50 percent solids, dry basis by weight, g. recovering the concentrated latex product, and h. adding the remainder of said amount of emulsifier subsequent to step (c) and prior to step (g).
 20. A method as claimed in claim 19, wherein in step (h) at least a part of said remainder of emulsifier is added to the emulsion produced by step (c), but without treatment that would further reduce the precursor latex particle size thereof, prior to the performance of step (d).
 21. A method as claimed in claim 19, wherein in step (h) at least a part of said remainder of emulsifier is added to the aerosol formed in step (d) before subjecting it to step (e).
 22. A method as claimed in claim 19, wherein in step (h) at least a part of said remainder of emulsifier is added to the latex separated in step (e) before concentration thereof beyond the solids content of 45 percent, dry basis by weight, in step (f).
 23. A sYnthetic aqueous latex prepared from emulsifier and an organic solvent-cement of synthetic hydrocarbon polymer material having a molecular weight of at least 2,000, said latex characterized in that a. it contains at least 60 percent solids, by weight, b. it has an average particle diameter in the range of 2,000 to 10,000 angstroms, c. it is corrosion inhibiting to ferrous metals, d. it contains from 4 to 12 percent emulsifier based on its polymer content, e. its corrosion inhibiting characteristic is imparted by its inclusion of emulsifier selected from the class consisting essentially of the amine salts which are the reaction products of amines containing not more than 20 carbon atoms and not more than five amine groups and selected from the primary, secondary and tertiary amines, with water-soluble acids selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid, alkali metal mono-phosphate, alkali metal diphosphate, mono- and di-esters of phosphoric acid, and the water-soluble alpha-hydroxy carboxylic acids.
 24. A synthetic aqueous latex as claimed in claim 23 in which the emulsifier includes a glycolic acid salt of a diamine.
 25. A synthetic aqueous latex as claimed in claim 23 in which the latex further includes emulsifying material selected from the quaternary ammonium compounds.
 26. A synthetic aqueous latex as claimed in claim 23 in which the hydrocarbon polymer material consists essentially of ethylene-propylene polymer selected from the ethylene-propylene copolymers and the ethylene-propylene-diene terpolymers wherein the diene component contains not more than 12 carbon atoms.
 27. A process for producing a polar interpolymer latex from polar monomer and hydrocarbon polymer, which process comprises: a. providing a moving flow of gas comprising steam as an initial continuum, b. forming a cement of not more than 40 weight parts of the hydrocarbon polymer in essentially not less than 60 weight parts of water immiscible volatile organic solvent which itself, or as an azeotrope with water, has a boiling point lower than that of water, c. mixing with the polymer cement (1) 0.2 to 40 percent by weight based on the polymer, of monomer material which contains and is polymerizable through at least one ethylenically unsaturated group and which contains at least one polar group and (2) sufficient free radical generating polymerization catalyst to cause polymerization of said monomer material, d. subjecting the mixture produced by step (c) to polymerization of said monomer material to form a polar interpolymer cement, e. forming from said polar interpolymer cement, water, and emulsifier material an emulsion of at least temporarily precursor latex particle size, f. dispersing a flow of said emulsion as a discontinuous phase into said flow of steam as an initial continuous phase, in such proportion that sufficient heat is provided by condensation of steam in said flow to vaporize substantially all the solvent from the liquid phase into the gaseous phase of said flow to form an aerosol while adding the condensate formed to the discontinuous phase of said aerosol, g. separating the interpolymer latex droplets from the vapor phase of the aerosol, h. concentrating said interpolymer latex to a solids content of at least 50 percent, dry basis by weight, and i. recovering the concentrated polar interpolymer latex product.
 28. A process as claimed in claim 27, which further comprises j. adding a further quantity of emulsifier subsequent to step (e) and prior to step (i).
 29. A process as claimed in claim 28, wherein in step (j) at least a part of said further quantity of emulsifier is added to the emulsion produced by step (e) but without treatment that would further reduce the precursor latex particle size thereof, prior to the performance of step (f).
 30. A process as claimed in claim 28, wherein in step (J) at least a part of said further quantity of emulsifier is added to the aerosol formed in step (f) before subjecting it to step (g).
 31. A process as claimed in claim 28, wherein in step (j) at least a part of said further quantity of emulsifier is added to the latex separated in step (g) before concentration thereof beyond a solids content of 45 percent, dry basis by weight, in step (h).
 32. A process for producing a polar interpolymer latex from polar monomer and hydrocarbon polymer composition which comprises: a. providing a moving flow of gas comprising steam as an initial continuous phase, b. providing a cement consisting essentially of a dispersion of not more than 40 weight parts of the polymer composition in essentially not less than 60 weight parts of water-immiscible volatile organic solvent which itself, or as an azeotrope with water, has a boiling point lower than that of water, c. forming from said cement and water and emulsifier material an emulsion of at least temporarily precursor latex particle size, d. dispersing a flow of said emulsion as a discontinuous phase into said flow of steam as an initial continuous phase, in such proportion that sufficient heat is provided by condensation of steam in said flow to vaporize substantially all the solvent from the liquid phase into the gaseous phase of said flow to form an aerosol while adding the condensate formed to the discontinuous phase of said aerosol, e. separating the latex from the vapor phase of the aerosol, f. concentrating the latex to a solids content of at least 50 percent, dry solids by weight, g. recovering the concentrated latex product, and h. mixing with the latex separated in step (e), prior to concentration thereof beyond 45 percent, dry solids, by weight in step (f), (1) 0.2 to 40 percent by weight, based on the polymer of the latex, of monomer material which contains and is polymerizable through at least one ethylenically unsaturated group and which contains at least one polar group, and (2) enough free radical generating polymerization catalyst to cause polymerization of said monomer material, and subjecting the so formed mixture to polymerization of said monomer material to form an interpolymer latex which is subjected to the subsequent portions of the process.
 33. A process as claimed in claim 32, which process comprises: i. adding a further quantity of emulsifier subsequent to step (c) and prior to step (g).
 34. A process as claimed in claim 33, wherein in step (i) at least a part of said further quantity of emulsifier is added to the latex after step (h) and prior to step (g). 